<span>Cytoplasm: <span>the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.
Hope this helped. :)</span></span>
Answer:

Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The electric filed is
Generally according to Gauss law
=> 
Given that the electric field is pointing downward , the equation become

Here
is the excess charge on the surface of the earth
is the surface area of the of the earth which is mathematically represented as

Where r is the radius of the earth which has a value 
substituting values


So

Here
s the permitivity of free space with value

substituting values


Answer:
See below
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use sunlight to make their own food. Photosynthesis requires sunlight, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide gas. It is the process in which the chlorophyll in the leaves of the plant use the sunlight and water to convert the carbon dioxide gas into energy for the plant to use.
A meteor is the flash of light that we see in the night sky when a small chunk of interplanetary debris burns up as it passes through our atmosphere. "Meteor" refers to the flash of light caused by the debris, not the debris itself.
If any part of a meteoroid survives the fall through the atmosphere and lands on Earth, it is called a meteorite.
Hello,
I believe they are a lever and a wedge.
I hope this helps!