Answer:
It is called an ion.
Explanation:
Atoms of elements can lose or gain electrons making them no longer neutral, they become charged. A charged atom is called an ion. When an atom loses electron(s) it will lose some of its negative charge and so becomes positively charged. A positive ion is formed where an atom has more protons than electrons.
They both exert an equal amount of force onto each other
Answer:
A closed organ pipe is λ/4 (node-antinode) long.
λ = speed / frequency = 331.5 / 259.6 = 1.28 m
λ/4 = .319 m length of closed pipe
An open pipe has a fundamental wavelength of A-N-A or λ/2
The second harmonic would be A-N-A-N-A or λ = 1.28 m for the second harmonic 331.5 / 259.6 = 1.28 (the fundamental would be 331.5 / .628
I believe the answer is true.
I hope this helps :)
I can't particularly place what Icelandic contributed.
But every other culture contributed majorly.
So I would go for option b.