Answer: Scientists found evidence of Earth's magnetic field reversal in rocks on the ocean floor at plate boundaries. These rocks have alternating polarity due to magnetization that were during their cooling period. Using radiometric dating, scientists estimate that reversals occur approximately every several hundred thousand years.
Explanation: The earth’s magnetic field impacts into the alignment of elements like iron in rocks due to Ferro-magnetization. This causes the elements to align in a north-south direction. Accordingly scientists have studied this alignment in ancient rocks, such as in the layers of sedimentary rocks, and realized that the earth magnetic field has flipped around 200,000 to 300,000 in the last 20 million years.
Answer: More friction
Explanation: The wood would probably splinter, causing even more friction, while the metal would probably smooth the wood out.
Answer:
In an ideal pulley system is assumed as a perfect system, and the efficiency of the pulley system is taken as 100% such that there are no losses of the energy input to the system through the system's component
However, in a real pulley system, there are several means through which energy is lost from the system through friction, which is converted into heat, sound, as well as other forms of energy
Given that the mechanical advantage = Force output/(Force input), and that the input force is known, the energy loss comes from the output force which is then reduced, and therefore, the Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is less than the Ideal Mechanical Advantage of an "ideal" pulley system
The relationship between the actual and ideal mechanical advantage is given by the efficiency of the pulley system as follows;

Explanation:
the path of an electron around the nucleus of an atom
Answer:
rad
Explanation:
∅ =
= 
∅ =
rad
The minimum resolvable angle =
rad