Answer:
Creating vacancies in ceramics. Consider doping ZrO₂ with small concentrations of Nb205. The valence of Nb is 5. Assume that Nb ions sit in Zr ion sites
a. A substitutional defect will be produced.
b. With this dopping, the Nb increases electron band conduction and decreases oxygen anion conduction in ZrO₂.
Explanation:
(a) The defect produced by dopping a little concentration of Nb₂O5 with Nb in the +5 charge state is known as a substitutional defect.
(b) With this dopping, the Nb increases electron band conduction and decreases oxygen anion conduction in ZrO₂.
Moreover, if oxygen vacancies are rate-limiting defect, the corrosion of ZrO₂ decreases and if electrons are rate-limiting then the corrosion of ZrO₂ is accelerated.
Answer:
$39,500
Explanation:
In order to find the total cost, we proceed as follows:
1)
First, the base fee is:

2)
Then we calculate the total number of questions: we have 15 questions per survey, and a total of 500 surveys (for 500 people), therefore the total number of questions is

Since the cost is $5 per question, the total cost of the questions is

3)
Finally, we have 500 persons, and there is a cost of $2 per each person, so the cost due to this is

Therefore, the total cost is:

Answer:
Swiping
Explanation:
One of the methodologies we use to solve problems