The instantaneous velocity is how the position is changing with respect to time in a specific point in time, as opposed to the average value given by Delta(x)/Delta(t). It's given by taking a limit of Delta(x)/Delta(t) where t approaches 0, that is, by derivating x(t) in respect to t.
v(t) = x'(t) = (28 + 12.4t + 0.045t^3)' = 12.4 + 0.135t^2
But we want to find the velocity at t = 8s:
v(8) = 12.4 + 0.135*(8)^2 = 21.04m/s
The strength of the gravitational force between two objects depend on two factors, mass and distance.
