1) In a perfectly inelastic collision, the two balls stick together after the collision. In this type of collision, the total kinetic energy of the system is not conserved, while the total momentum is conserved.
If we call
the final velocity of the two balls that stick together, the conservation of the total momentum before and after the collision can be written as
(1)
where
is the mass of ball A
is the mass of ball B
is the initial velocity of ball A
is the initial velocity of ball B (taken with a negative sign, since it goes in the opposite direction of ball A)
If we solve (1) to find
, we find that the final velocity of the balls is
and the positive sign means the two balls are going to the right.
2) I assume here we are talking about an elastic collision. In this case, both total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved:
where
is the final velocity of ball A
is the final velocity of ball B
If we solve simultaneously the two equations, we find:
So, after the collision, ball A moves to the left with velocity v=-2 m/s and ball B moves to the right with velocity v=16 m/s.
3) The total momentum before and after the collision is conserved.
In fact, the total momentum before the collision is:
and the total momentum after the collision is:
is the emissivity of the object (in our problem, 
)
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
