The answer is b, anything that has mass and takes up space
Answer:

Explanation:
= normal force acting on the coin
Normal force in the upward direction balances the weight of the coin, hence

= frequency of rotation
Angular velocity of turntable is hence given as

= distance from the axis of rotation
= minimum coefficient of static friction
static frictional force is given as

The static frictional force provides the necessary centripetal force , hence
Centripetal force = Static frictional force

Answer:
The velocity of the freight car decreases.
Explanation:
This question is answered by the conservation of momentum principle.
When the freight car is moving at a certain speed, it has a constant momentum.
We will call this M1.
The equation for M1 will be:
M1 = Mass * Speed
Now when the coal is dumped into the freight car, the Mass increases.
Since conservation of momentum states that the momentum will remain the same. We have:
M1 = (Mass of freight + Mass of coal) * Speed
Since M1 is constant, if the mass increases, the speed had to decrease to keep the equation true.
False. That description fits the wave's 'frequency'.
It has nothing to do with refraction.