Answer:
First Method: Vacuum Distillation and Chromatographic separation of the remains that were precipitated out from the peel.
Second Method: Extraction of components from orange peels by help of precipitation procedures that are mostly done <em>In Situ. </em>Those components can be recovered using the saponification process. Then these are examined under UV light spectroscopy. Now, the existence and extent of carotenoids can be determined by checking the levels of anti-oxidants.
Answer:

Explanation:
The mass of radioactive isotope at a certain time is given by the following expression:

Time constant can be calculed in terms of half-life:



The initial mass is:


Answer:
According to me end point is the end of a reaction
The answer is B. Commensalism.
<span>Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms in which only one of them has benefit, and the other one is not affected. In this example, the Great Burdock's plants spread their seeds using animals, so they benefit from this relationship. On the other hand, animals neither have benefits not are harmed from the relationship.</span>