Answer / Explanation:
B
Potential difference is measured using a device called a voltmeter . Just like ammeters, some types have a pointer on a dial, but most have a digital display. However, unlike an ammeter, you must connect the voltmeter in parallel to measure the potential difference across a component in a circuit.
the radius of the entire atom was 0.00000001 cm.
Answer:
Explanation:
We define the linear density of charge as:

Where L is the rod's length, in this case the semicircle's length L = πr
The potential created at the center by an differential element of charge is:

where k is the coulomb's constant
r is the distance from dq to center of the circle
Thus.

Potential at the center of the semicircle
Explanation:
Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is a phenomenon in optics, by which light experiences complete reflection at an interface between two media.
In the figure i > © experience total internal reflection
I think the correct answer from the choices listed above is the third option. It is the difference in electrical potential that causes the electric charges to flow from one end of the battery to the other. Hope this answers the question. Have a nice day.