Answers with explanation
1)
Transmission
If all the light passes through a medium without any absorption then transmittance is 100%.
2)
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different and rays are again refracted when they leave that medium,
3)
Reflection
Reflected rays don't pass through the medium instead rays bounces off an object at an angle.
Answer:
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Explanation:
The Earth is a constantly changing planet. Its crust is continually being created, modified, and destroyed. As a result, rocks that record its earliest history have not been found and probably no longer exist. Nevertheless, there is substantial evidence that the Earth and the other bodies of the Solar System are 4.5-4.6 billion years old, and that the Milky Way Galaxy and the Universe are older still. The principal evidence for the antiquity of Earth and its cosmic surroundings is:The oldest rocks on Earth, found in western Greenland, have been dated by four independent radiometric dating methods at 3.7-3.8 billion years. Rocks 3.4-3.6 billion years in age have been found in southern Africa, western Australia, and the Great Lakes region of North America. These oldest rocks are metamorphic rocks but they originated as lava flows and sedimentary rocks. The debris from which the sedimentary rocks formed must have come from even older crustal rocks. The oldest dated minerals (4.0-4.2 billion years) are tiny zircon crystals found in sedimentary rocks in western Australia.
The oldest Moon rocks are from the lunar highlands and were formed when the early lunar crust was partially or entirely molten. These rocks, of which only a few were returned by the Apollo missions, have been dated by two methods at between 4.4-4.5 billion years in age.
The majority of the 70 well-dated meteorites have ages of 4.4-4.6 billion years. These meteorites, which are fragments of asteroids and represent some of the most primitive material in the solar system, have been dated by 5 independent radiometric dating methods.
The "best" age for the Earth is based on the time required for the lead isotopes in four very old lead ores (galena) to have evolved from the composition of lead at the time the Solar System formed, as recorded in the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite. This "model lead age" is 4.54 billion years.
The evidence for the antiquity of the Earth and Solar System is consistent with evidence for an even greater age for the Universe and Milky Way Galaxy. a) The age of the Universe can be estimated from the velocity and distance of galaxies as the universe expands. The estimates range from 7 to 20 billion years, depending on whether the expansion is constant or is slowing due to gravitational attraction. b) The age of the Galaxy is estimated to be 14-18 billion years from the rate of evolution of stars in globular clusters, which are thought to be the oldest stars in the Galaxy. The age of the elements in the Galaxy, based on the production ratios of osmium isotopes in supernovae and the change in that ratio over time due to radioactive decay, is 8.6-15.7 billion years. Theoretical considerations indicate that the Galaxy formed within a billion years of the beginning of the Universe. c) Combining the data from a) and b), the "best, i.e., most consistent, age of the universe is estimated to be around 14 billion years. For more current information on the age of the universe.
Answer:
(a) F = 6.14 *10⁻⁴ N
(b) P = 6.14* 10⁻¹⁰ Pa
(c) t = 27.2 min
Explanation:
Area of sail A = 1.0 km² = 1.0 * 10⁶m²
Wavelength of light λ = 650 nm = 650 * 10⁻⁹ m
Rate of impact of photons R = 1 mol/s = 6.022 * 10²³ photons/s
(a)
Momentum of each photon is Ρ = h/λ = 6.625 * 10⁻³⁴ / 650 * 10⁻⁹
= 1.0192 * 10⁻²⁷ kg.m/s
Since the photons are absorbed completely, in every collision the above momentum is transferred to the sail.
Momentum transferred to the sail per second is product of rate of impact of photons and momentum transferred by each photon.
dp/dt = R * h/
λ
This is the force acting on the sail.
F = R * h/λ = 6.022 * 10²³ * 1.0192 * 10⁻²⁷ = 6.14 *10⁻⁴ N
F = 6.14 *10⁻⁴ N
b)
Pressure exerted by the radiation on the sail = Force acting on the sail / Area of the sail
P = F/A = 6.14 * 10⁻⁴ / 1.0 * 10⁶ = 6.14* 10⁻¹⁰ Pa
P = 6.14* 10⁻¹⁰ Pa
c)
Acceleration of spacecraft a = F/m = 6.14 * 10⁻⁴ /1.0 = 6.14 * 10⁻⁴m/s²
As the spacecraft starts from rest, initial speed u=0,m/s ,
final speed is u = 1.0 m/s after time t
v = u+at
t = 1.0 - 0/ 6.14 * 10⁻⁴ = 1629s = 27.2 min
t = 27.2 min
The answer is n= 6.
What is Balmer series?
The Balmer series is the portion of the emission spectrum of hydrogen that represents electron transitions from energy levels n > 2 to n = 2. These are four lines in the visible spectrum. They are also known as the Balmer lines. The four visible Balmer lines of hydrogen appear at 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm and 656 nm.
For the Balmer series, the final energy level is always n=2. So, the wavelengths 653.6, 486.1, 434.0, and 410.2 nm correspond to n=3, n=4, n=5, and n=6 respectively. Since the last wavelength, 410.2 nm, corresponds to n=6, the next wavelength should logically correspond to n=7.
To solve for the wavelength, calculate the individual energies, E2 and E7, using E=-hR/(n^2). Then, calculate the energy difference between E2 (which is the final) and E7 (which is the initial). Finally, use lamba=hc/E to get the wavelength.
To learn more about emission spectrum click on the link below:
brainly.com/question/24213957
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