Anions are solvated in protic hydrogen-bonding solvents (such as ethanol). Consequently, nucleophiles are less reactive. Since soft nucleophiles are less strongly solvated than hard nucleophiles, these solvents boost the relative reactivity of soft anions.
<h3>
Ethanol is either a nucleophile or a base.</h3>
The ethanol is a base Because carbocation is an extremely reactive species, a base or nucleophile as weak as ethanol can replace or remove it. SN1 and E1 would not be conceivable without the carbocation or a strong departing group.
<h3>How do solvents impact anionic nucleophile's reactivity?</h3>
In polar aprotic solvents, nucleophilic substitution reactions of anionic nucleophiles often proceed more quickly. The normal relative reactivity order in such solvents (like DMSO)is Anions are solvated in protic hydrogen-bonding solvents (such as ethanol). Consequently, nucleophiles are less reactive.
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Answer:
Mutations can be caused by high-energy sources such as radiation or by chemicals in the environment. They can also appear spontaneously during the replication of DNA. Mutations generally fall into two types: point mutations and chromosomal aberrations. In point mutations, one base pair is changed. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many mutations with small effects. Mutational effects can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, depending on their context or location. Most non-neutral mutations are deleterious.
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The answer for this question is 0.8
