<em>An is formed when an atom loses or gains one or more electrons. Because the number of electrons in an ion is different from the number of protons, an ion does have an overall electric charge. Consider how a positive ion can form from an atom. The left side of the illustration below represents a sodium (Na) atom</em>
Answer:
Part a)

Part b)

Explanation:
Time period of sun is given as



Now the radius of the orbit of sun is given as



Part a)
centripetal acceleration is given as




Part b)
orbital speed is given as



The amount of gravitational potential energy acquired by the rock is equal to:

where
m is the mass of the rock
g is the gravitational acceleration

is the increase in height of the rock
Substituting the data of the problem, we find

So, Natalie gave 220.7 J of energy to the rock.
Yes, an object can have both of these at the same time. Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object. Kinetic energy is the energy that is associated with motion. So what you have to have is an object that is in motion but still has more energy that it has yet to convert into kinetic energy.