The reason as to why the substage condenser does not need to be included in computing the magnification and the only component needed is the ocular lens and the objective lenses is because the condenser is only responsible for gathering light and it does not contribute with the magnification of the object under the microscope.
Ionic bonding is the bonding between a positive metal with a negative nonmetal (metals are always positive while non metals are opposite). The meeting of a metal with a non metal creates an ionic bond.
They has been very successful but they are very expensive to operate that is your answer I hope this helps
Yes.....The continetal plates shifting would cause either disaster...