The relation between vapour pressure , enthalpy of vapourisation and temperature is
ln (88/ 39) = DeltaH / 8.314 (1 / 318 - 1 / 298)
0.814 = DeltaH / 8.314 (2.11 X 10^-4 )
DeltaH = -32.07 kJ
Answer:
1. Co ( s ) - metallic bonding
2. CoCl₂ ( s ) - ionic bonding
3. CCl₄ ( l ) - covalent bonding
Explanation:
Metallic bonding -
It is the type of bonding present between the atoms of the metals , via the electrostatic interaction between the metal and the delocalized electrons , is known as metallic bonding .
For example ,
Mostly metals show metallic bonding .
Ionic bonding -
It is the type of bonding present between the ions i.e. , the cation and the anion is known as ionic bonding .
For example ,
Mostly ionic compound , like salts show ionic bonding .
Covalent bonding -
It is the type of bonding which is present between shared pair of electrons , is known as covalent bonding .
For example ,
Most of the carbon compounds are capable to show covalent bonding .
Hence , from the question ,
1. Co ( s ) - metallic bonding
2. CoCl₂ ( s ) - ionic bonding
3. CCl₄ ( l ) - covalent bonding
write an equation to represent the oxidation of an alcohol.
identify the reagents that may be used to oxidize a given alcohol.
identify the specific reagent that is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes rather than to carboxylic acids.
identify the product formed from the oxidation of a given alcohol with a specified oxidizing agent.
identify the alcohol needed to prepare a given aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid by simple oxidation.
write a mechanism for the oxidation of an alcohol using a chromium(VI) reagent.
The reading mentions that pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a milder version of chromic acid that is suitable for converting a primary alcohol into an aldehyde without oxidizing it all the way to a carboxylic acid. This reagent is being replaced in laboratories by Dess‑Martin periodinane (DMP), which has several practical advantages over PCC, such as producing higher yields and requiring less rigorous reaction conditions. DMP is named after Daniel Dess and James Martin, who developed it in 1983.
This page looks at the oxidation of alcohols using acidified sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) solution. This reaction is used to make aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, and as a way of distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Oxidizing the different types of alcohols
The oxidizing agent used in these reactions is normally a solution of sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) acidified with dilute sulfuric acid. If oxidation occurs, the orange solution containing the dichromate(VI) ions is reduced to a green solution containing chromium(III) ions. The electron-half-equation for this reaction is
Cr2O2−7+14H++6e−→2Cr3++7H2O
Explanation:
Metals react with oxygen to form basic oxides while they react with water to form alkaline solutions. Also, acidic oxides are oxides of nonmetals and they react with water to form acidic solutions.
Trends on the period table shows the variation of metallic character as you move across and down the periodic table. Metallic character of a element decreases across the period on the periodic table from left to right because atoms readily accept electrons in their outermost shell to form stable configurations. Metallic character increases as you move down the group in the periodic table and this is because electrons become easier to lose as the atomic radius increases (more outer shells are added), where there is decreasing attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons.
So down the group, the acidity of oxide reaction with water decreases because the oxides are more basic down the group while across the period, the acidity of oxide increases because acidic oxides are formed as we move across the period.
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