The concept to develop this problem is the Law of Malus. Which describes what happens with the light intensity once it passes through a polarized material.
Mathematically this can be expressed as

Where
I = New intensity after pass through the Polarizer
= Original intensity
= Indicates the angle between the axis of the analyzer and the polarization axis of the incident light.
When the light passes perpendicularly through the first polarizer, the light intensity is reduced by half which will cause the intensity to be
at the output of the new polarizer, mathematically:


Solving to find the angle we have

The orientation angle of the second polarizer relative to the first one is 43.11°
Answer:
Just as distance and displacement have distinctly different meanings (despite their similarities), so do speed and velocity. Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed and covers a relatively large distance in a short amount of time. Contrast this to a slow-moving object that has a low speed; it covers a relatively small amount of distance in the same amount of time. An object with no movement at all has a zero speed.
Answer: a) - 437.8° F, b) - 261°c.
Explanation: a) the kelvin and Fahrenheit temperature scale are related by the formulae below.
5 (°F - 32) = 9 (k - 273)
Where °F = temperature in Fahrenheit and k = temperature in kelvin.
For question A, k = 12.0, by substituting to have the value for °F, we have
5(°F - 32) = 9 ( 12 - 273)
5(°F - 32) = 9(-261)
5(°F - 32) = - 2349
°F - 32 = - 2349/5
°F - 32 = - 469.8
°F = - 469.8 + 32
°F = - 437.8
Question B
The centigrade and kelvin scale are related by the formulae below
°c = k - 273
Where °c = temperature in centigrade and k = temperature in kelvin =12
°c = 12 - 273
°c = - 261
Because of the specific latent heat of fusion or vapourization of the substance