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3 years ago

Examples of sources of physical entropy for secure random number generation include:________

Physics

1 answer:

Hatshy [7]3 years ago

5 0

Answer:

Noise in the environment

Electrons emitted via the photoelectric effect

Explanation:

Physical entropy can be seen as a disorderliness that can be observed in a physical system. The noise in a physical system can be used for secure number generation because of its randomness.

Noise is known to have no defined pattern and hence, can be used to creates secure random key generations.

Electrons emitted via the photoelectric effect: Electrons are emitted in a random order whenever a beam of light is incident on a photoelectric material. These electrons emitted can be used for random key generations

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States that there is an exchange of materials when two objects come into contact with each other

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3 years ago

Radiation from the Sun The intensity of the radiation from the Sun measured on Earth is 1360 W/m2 and frequency is f = 60 MHz. T

Zina [86]

a) Total power output: $3.845\cdot 10^{26} W$

b) The relative percentage change of power output is 1.67%

c) The intensity of the radiation on Mars is $540 W/m^2$

Explanation:

The intensity of electromagnetic radiation is given by

$I=\frac{P}{A}$

where

P is the power output

A is the surface area considered

In this problem, we have

$I=1360 W/m^2$ is the intensity of the solar radiation at the Earth

The area to be considered is area of a sphere of radius

$r=1.5\cdot 10^{11} m$ (distance Earth-Sun)

Therefore

$A=4\pi r^2 = 4 \pi (1.5\cdot 10^{11})^2=2.8\cdot 10^{23}m^2$

And now, using the first equation, we can find the total power output of the Sun:

$P=IA=(1360)(2.8\cdot 10^{23})=3.845\cdot 10^{26} W$

The energy of the solar radiation is directly proportional to its frequency, given the relationship

$E=hf$

where E is the energy, h is the Planck's constant, f is the frequency.

Also, the power output of the Sun is directly proportional to the energy,

$P=\frac{E}{t}$

where t is the time.

This means that the power output is proportional to the frequency:

$P\propto f$

Here the frequency increases by 1 MHz: the original frequency was

$f_0 = 60 MHz$

so the relative percentage change in frequency is

$\frac{\Delta f}{f_0}\cdot 100 = \frac{1}{60}\cdot 100 =1.67\%$

And therefore, the power also increases by 1.67 %.

In this second case, we have to calculate the new power output of the Sun:

$P' = P + \frac{1.67}{100}P =1.167P=1.0167(3.845\cdot 10^{26})=3.910\cdot 10^{26} W$

Now we want to calculate the intensity of the radiation measured on Mars. Mars is 60% farther from the Sun than the Earth, so its distance from the Sun is

$r'=(1+0.60)r=1.60r=1.60(1.5\cdot 10^{11})=2.4\cdot 10^{11}m$