Calculate the diffusion current density for the following carrier distributions. For electrons, use Dn = 35 cm2/s and for holes,
use Dp = 10 cm2/s. a. ; Jn = ______________________________________________ b. , at x = 0: Jp (0) = __________________________________ c. , at x = 2.5 µm: Jp (2.5 µm) = _______________________________________ d. , at x = 20 µm: Jp (20 µm) = _______________________________________________ e. , at x = 5 µm: Jn (5 µm) = _______________________________________________ n (x) = (1010 cm−3 ) 5 μm − x 5 μm
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<h3><u>CSMA/CD Protocol:
</u></h3>
Carrier sensing can transmit the data at anytime only the condition is before sending the data sense carrier if the carrier is free then send the data.
But the problem is the standing at one end of channel, we can’t send the entire carrier. Because of this 2 stations can transmit the data (use the channel) at the same time resulting in collisions.
There are no acknowledgement to detect collisions, It's stations responsibility to detect whether its data is falling into collisions or not.
<u>Example: </u>
, at time t = 10.00 AM, A starts, 10:59:59 AM B starts at time 11:00 AM collision starts.
12:00 AM A will see collisions
Pocket Size to detect the collision.
CSMA/CD is widely used in Ethernet.
<u>Efficiency of CSMA/CD:</u>
- In the previous example we have seen that in worst case
time require to detect a collision.
- There could be many collisions may happen before a successful completion of transmission of a packet.
We are given number of collisions (contentions slots)=4.
Distance = 1km = 1000m
Answer:
a) | v2 | , β2 ( load, bus voltage at bus 2 )
p1 , q1 ( slack, bus power at bus 1 )
b) q2 , β2
p1 and q1 ( slack, bus power at bus 1 )
Explanation:
Attached below is a schematic representation of the solution
<u>a) Identify the variables in the solution vector assume Bus 2 is a load bus</u>
The specified parameters are ; P2 and q2
while | v2 | and β2 are not specified
given that bus 2 is a load bus, bus 1 is a slack bus with ; | v1 | and β1 been specified while p1 and q1 are not specified
<em>Hence the variables in the solution </em>
<em>= | v2 | , β2 ( load, bus voltage at bus 2 )</em>
<em> p1 , q1 ( slack, bus power at bus 1 ) </em>
<u>b) Identify the variables in the solution vector ( assume Bus 2 is a PV bus )</u>
specified at Bus 2 are ; | p2 | , | v2 |
unspecified : q2 , β2
Bus 1 ( still a slack bus )
specified parameter : | v1 | and β1
unspecified : p1 and q1
<em>Hence the variables in the solution </em>
<em>= q2 , β2 </em>
<em> p1 and q1 ( slack, bus power at bus 1 ) </em>
