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SVETLANKA909090 [29]
3 years ago
14

An op-amp differential amplifier is built using four identical resistors, each having a tolerance of ±5%. Calculate the worst p

ossible CMRR.
Engineering
1 answer:
MatroZZZ [7]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

80.9 db.

Explanation:

So, in this particular Question/problem we need to determine/calculate for the the worst possible CMRR. The data or information provided by the Question above;

=> ''amp differential amplifier is built using four identical resistors''

Therefore, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4. From the question above, we also know that the tolerance is ±5% for resistor that is;

A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = A ±5%.

Using the kirchoff formula to each case, we have;

(1). Non Inverting terminal:

[ J - J2 / (A1 = A3) ] + J/ (A2 = A4) = 0.

J = 0.53 J2.

(2). Inverting terminal:

[ J_ - J2 / (A1 = A3) ] + J_ - Jb / (A2 = A4) = 0.

Thus, Jb = 2.11 J_ - 1.11 J2.

Note that J = J_ = 0.53 J2.

Thus, Jb = 1.11 J2 - 1.11 J1.

(Note that we will have that A2 = A4 = A + 0.05 = 1.05A.

Also, A1 = A3 = A - 0.05 = 0.95A).

The voltage is c1 and c2.

Therefore, Jb = 1.11( ccm + cv/2) - 1.11 ( Ccm - cv/2).

= - 10^-4 ccm - 1.11 cv.

Thus, CMMR = 20 log [| 1.11 ÷ (- 10^-4)|] = 80.9 db.

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Write the following statements as Prolog clauses, in the order given: If it is raining or snowing, then there is precipitation.
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Answer:

a. See Explanation Below

b. No

Explanation:

a.

Interpreting the statements line by line.

First, the prolog clauses need to be initialised, as follows:

:- dynamic freezing/0, precipitation/0, snowing/0, raining/0.

If it is raining or snowing, then there is precipitation.

The statement is splited in two.

1st, if it is raining then there is precipitation

Or

2nd, if it is raining, then there is precipitation.

So, both statements are given as:

precipitation :- raining.

precipitation :- snowing.

If it is freezing and there is precipitation, then it is snowing.

This is a conditional statement that checks if it is freezing AND there's is precipitation.

If true, then it is snowing.

The above statement is given as:

snowing :- freezing, precipitation.

If it is not freezing and there is precipitation, then it is raining.

This is a conditional statement that checks if it is not freezing AND there's is precipitation.

If true, then it is raining.

The not clause is represented as \+

The above statement is the given as:

raining :- \+ freezing, precipitation.

It is snowing.

This is represented as follows

snowing.

So, the full prolog clause is as follows

:- dynamic freezing/0, precipitation/0, snowing/0, raining/0.

precipitation :- raining.

precipitation :- snowing.

snowing :- freezing, precipitation.

raining :- \+ freezing, precipitation.

snowing.

b. What answer does Prolog give to the following queries:

Is it freezing

No

Reason;

All of the conditions above point to raining or snowing; none points to freezing.

Hence, it is no.

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2.50 Consider the following message: FORMULA FOR SUCCESS (a) Estimate the probabilities of the letters in the message using the
snow_lady [41]

Answer:

Part a: The probability of each letter is given in the table below.

Part b: The average information in this message is 1.91.

Explanation:

Part a:

The message is given as

FORMULA FOR SUCCESS

Total number is given as n=17

Letter            x                Probability p(x)

F                    2                   2/17

O                   2                   2/17

R                    2                   2/17

M                   1                    1/17

U                   2                   2/17

L                    1                    1/17

A                   1                    1/17

S                   3                   3/17

C                   2                    2/17

E                   1                    1/17

Part b

The information is given as \sum{xp(x)}

Letter            x                Probability p(x)          xp(x)

F                    2                   2/17                         4/17

O                   2                   2/17                         4/17

R                    2                   2/17                         4/17

M                   1                    1/17                          1/17

U                   2                   2/17                         4/17

L                    1                    1/17                          1/17

A                   1                    1/17                          1/17

S                   3                   3/17                         9/17

C                   2                   2/17                        4/17

E                   1                    1/17                          1/17

______________________________________

Total                                                                1.91

So the average information in this message is 1.91.

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