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34kurt
3 years ago
11

What are the controlling LRFD load combinations for dead and floor live load?

Engineering
1 answer:
yuradex [85]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

1) 1.4(D + F)

2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + ((0.5 or 1.0)*L or 0.8W)

4) 1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

5) 1.2D + 1.0E + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.2S

6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H

7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Explanation:

Load and Resistance Factor Design

there are 7 basic load combination of LRFD that is

1) 1.4(D + F)

2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + ((0.5 or 1.0)*L or 0.8W)

4) 1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)

5) 1.2D + 1.0E + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.2S

6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H

7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

and

here load factor for L given ( * ) mean it is  permitted = 0.5 for occupancies when live load is less than or equal to 100 psf

here

D is dead load and L is live load

E is earth quake load and S is snow load

W is wind load and R is rain load

Lr is roof live load

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3. Use temodynamic tables to find the density of water in state 1, by means of temperature and quality, with this value and volume we can find the mass.

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Air modeled as an ideal gas enters a turbine operating at steady state at 1040 K, 278 kPa and exits at 120 kPa. The mass flow ra
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Answer:

a) T_{2}=837.2K

b) e=91.3 %

Explanation:

A) First, let's write the energy balance:

W=m*(h_{2}-h_{1})\\W=m*Cp*(T_{2}-T_{1})  (The enthalpy of an ideal gas is just function of the temperature, not the pressure).

The Cp of air is: 1.004 \frac{kJ}{kgK} And its specific R constant is 0.287 \frac{kJ}{kgK}.

The only unknown from the energy balance is T_{2}, so it is possible to calculate it. The power must be negative because the work is done by the fluid, so the energy is going out from it.

T_{2}=T_{1}+\frac{W}{mCp}=1040K-\frac{1120kW}{5.5\frac{kg}{s}*1.004\frac{kJ}{kgk}} \\T_{2}=837.2K

B) The isentropic efficiency (e) is defined as:

e=\frac{h_{2}-h_{1}}{h_{2s}-h_{1}}

Where {h_{2s} is the isentropic enthalpy at the exit of the turbine for the isentropic process. The only missing in the last equation is that variable, because h_{2}-h_{1} can be obtained from the energy balance  \frac{W}{m}=h_{2}-h_{1}

h_{2}-h_{1}=\frac{-1120kW}{5.5\frac{kg}{s}}=-203.64\frac{kJ}{kg}

An entropy change for an ideal gas with  constant Cp is given by:

s_{2}-s_{1}=Cpln(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})-Rln(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})

You can review its deduction on van Wylen 6 Edition, section 8.10.

For the isentropic process the equation is:

0=Cpln(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})-Rln(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})\\Rln(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})=Cpln(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})

Applying logarithm properties:

ln((\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R} )=ln((\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})^{Cp} )\\(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R}=(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})^{Cp}\\(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R/Cp}=(\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}})\\T_{2}=T_{1}(\frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}})^{R/Cp}

Then,

T_{2}=1040K(\frac{120kPa}{278kPa})^{0.287/1.004}=817.96K

So, now it is possible to calculate h_{2s}-h_{1}:

h_{2s}-h_{1}}=Cp(T_{2s}-T_{1}})=1.004\frac{kJ}{kgK}*(817.96K-1040K)=-222.92\frac{kJ}{kg}

Finally, the efficiency can be calculated:

e=\frac{h_{2}-h_{1}}{h_{2s}-h_{1}}=\frac{-203.64\frac{kJ}{kg}}{-222.92\frac{kJ}{kg}}\\e=0.913=91.3 %

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