Metals- along with other elements- are neutral and have oxidation state of in their respective elementary states.
Metal atoms can lose electrons to <em>electronegative</em> elements such as oxygen on exposure. Atoms that have lost one or more negatively-charged electrons are no longer neutral and demonstrate a positive charge. Those atoms have converted to positively charged <em>ions</em> or <em>cations</em>.
<em>Oxidation</em> is the process of <em>losing</em> electrons whereas <em>Reduction</em> refers to the process of <em>gaining</em> electrons. "OIL RIG." Metal atoms here lose electrons and are thus oxidized.
the full viral genome is retained in the host cell, but its expression is dramatically restricted, such that few viral antigens and no viral particles are produced.