Answer:
Explanation:
Given:
length of ladder 
weight of ladder 
position of firefighter 
weight of firefighter 
angle of ladder 
Unknown:
force of the wall on the ladder 
force of friction on base of ladder 
normal force on base of ladder 
From the free body diagram of the sketch you get 3 equations:

Solving the equations gives:

a)

b)

c) Using the result from b and solving for 

Baseball, javelin, and maybe the clock but not sure on that... Just say baseball and javelin
One side of the wave changes speed before the other side, causing the wave to move
A. 0.5kg
To get this answer you need to follow the equation of KE=0.5*mv^2
But we don't have the m part in the equation. So just plug in the numbers to see which works best, though I can tell you before we do that the answer would be a.
As you may know, gravity, is a force of 9.8 m/s. And we want to get 9.8 Joules. So if we take a half a kg stone, release it at one meter, we get half of the normal gravity pull, 4.90 Joules. That means if we take half a kg stone and drop it at a doubled height, we get 9.8 Joules.
That is also to say that if we have a 1kg stone and drop it at one meter you will get the normal pull of gravity in Joules, 9.8J.
Be careful though, this does not mean if you drop a 1kg stone and a .5 kg stone the 1kg will hit first. This simply means that the 1kg stone will have twice the Joules that the .5kg stone has.