Answer:
Attached below
Explanation:
PWM signal source has 1 KHz base frequency
Analog filter : with time constant = 0.01 s
low pass transfer function = 
PWM duty cycle is a constant block
Attached below is the design and simulation into Simulink at 25% , 50% and 100% respectively
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Answer:
Proof is as follows
Proof:
Given that , 
<u>for any function f with period T, RMS is given by</u>
<u />![RMS = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\int\limits^T_0 {[f(t)]^{2} } \, dt }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=RMS%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7BT%7D%5Cint%5Climits%5ET_0%20%7B%5Bf%28t%29%5D%5E%7B2%7D%20%7D%20%5C%2C%20dt%20%20%7D)
<u />
In our case, function is
![RMS = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\int\limits^T_0 {[V_{ac} + V_{dc}]^{2} } \, dt }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=RMS%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7BT%7D%5Cint%5Climits%5ET_0%20%7B%5BV_%7Bac%7D%20%2B%20V_%7Bdc%7D%5D%5E%7B2%7D%20%7D%20%5C%2C%20dt%20%20%7D)
Now open the square term as follows
![RMS = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}\int\limits^T_0 {[V_{ac}^{2} + V_{dc}^{2} + 2V_{dc}V_{ac}] } \, dt }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=RMS%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7BT%7D%5Cint%5Climits%5ET_0%20%7B%5BV_%7Bac%7D%5E%7B2%7D%20%2B%20V_%7Bdc%7D%5E%7B2%7D%20%2B%202V_%7Bdc%7DV_%7Bac%7D%5D%20%7D%20%5C%2C%20dt%20%20%7D)
Rearranging terms
You can see that
- second term is square of RMS value of Vac
- Third terms is average of VdcVac and given is that average of
so
![RMS = \sqrt{\frac{1}{T}TV_{dc}^{2} + [RMS~~ of~~ V_{ac}]^2 }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=RMS%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7BT%7DTV_%7Bdc%7D%5E%7B2%7D%20%20%20%2B%20%5BRMS~~%20of~~%20V_%7Bac%7D%5D%5E2%20%7D)
![RMS = \sqrt{V_{dc}^{2} + [RMS~~ of~~ V_{ac}]^2 }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=RMS%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7BV_%7Bdc%7D%5E%7B2%7D%20%20%20%2B%20%5BRMS~~%20of~~%20V_%7Bac%7D%5D%5E2%20%7D)
So it has been proved that given expression for root mean square (RMS) is valid
When a force is applied to a member and it is pointed at a joint, the member is in compression. When a force is directed away from a joint that the member is attached to, it is said to be in tension.
<h3>What is
tension?</h3>
The pulling force transmitted axially by a string, rope, chain, or other similar object, or by each end of a rod, truss member, or other similar three-dimensional object, is referred to as tension in physics. Tension can also be described as the action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of the aforementioned elements. Tension, the opposite of compression, is conceivable.
To measure tension as a transmitted force, an action-reaction pair of forces, or a restoring force, the International System of Units uses newtons (or pounds-force in Imperial units). At the point of attachment to the objects to which the string or rod is connected, the ends of a string or other object that transmits tension will exert forces in the direction of the string.
Learn more about tension
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Answer:
Refer to explaination
Explanation:
A NAK only protocol is not preferable to a protocol that uses ACKs especially when the sender sends data frequently.
This is because NAK only protocol will be able to detect that a packet has been lost already when the receiver receives the subsequent packet. Also, as the sender only sends data infrequently, NAK only protocol takes a longer time to realize that a packet has been lost.
On the other hand, NAK only protocol is preferred to a protocol that uses ACKs, when the sender sends data out frequently, here the data loss rate is low.
