When looking at this question, we can easily start by eliminating certain answers. In the selections you've provided, you've shown atmosphere. We can easily eliminate letter A, as that makes absolutely no sense. Moving on, you also eliminate letter B, as that deals with ecosystems and whatnot. And finally, you can eliminate hydrosphere, letter C - as that's not the same. That deals with water, like oceans or rivers.
That leaves you with D) Lithosphere for your answer. The Lithosphere is the rigid part of the earth, the outermost layer, I would say. The crust / mantle. That's why it would be letter D - plate tectonics seem to have relations with the Lithosphere. The lithosphere is affected.
Answer:
1000 kgm²/s, 400 J
1000 kgm²/s, 1000 J
600 J
Explanation:
m = Mass of astronauts = 100 kg
d = Diameter
r = Radius = 
v = Velocity of astronauts = 2 m/s
Angular momentum of the system is given by

The angular momentum of the system is 1000 kgm²/s
Rotational energy is given by

The rotational energy of the system is 400 J
There no external toque present so the initial and final angular momentum will be equal to the initial angular momentum 1000 kgm²/s

Energy

The new energy will be 1000 J
Work done will be the change in the kinetic energy

The work done is 600 J
Answer:
53.32°C
Explanation:
Length of the aluminium wing = 35 m
Change in length of aluminium wing = 0.03 m
The linear expansion coefficient of aluminium 
We know that change in length is given by 
So 

So final temperature
Work is equal to distance times time so no work
Answer:
Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another along with the motion of the object's particles. Water is a poor conductor. However, when the bottom water is heated, it turns out that the top water is also hot. This means that there is another way of transferring heat to the water, namely convection.