<span>The solid lines between N and Mg are actually ionic bonds. N has 5 valence electrons (2 of which are paired). Of the 3 that are unpaired, 2 are part of covalent bonds with adjacent carbon atoms. N accepts an extra electron to complete its octet, but gets a formal charge of -1. This allows for formation of an ionic bond with Mg, which is +2. Two of these charged N atoms therefore neutralize the charge of the central Mg. As for the coordinate (dative) covalent bonds, Mg has empty orbitals - the ionic bonds with the charged N atoms give it only 4/8 possible valence electrons.
The other two N atoms (dotted lines) have a formal charge of 0 since they form three covalent bonds with adjacent carbon atoms, but they still have a lone pair. Therefore, just to improve stability, each of these N atoms can "donate" its lone pair to Mg in order to complete its octet.
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D. Lithium or Li has the smallest ionization energy of those listed with an energy of 5,3917.
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Answer:
B
Explanation:
For solving this we need a heat balance
By changing the corresponding relations, we have
By cancelling similar factor, we obtain
Which means that the change of temperature in A is twice the change of B
