Fossil Fuels:
Coal and Oil
How they are formed:
Coal is formed from big plants, from a long time ago. When the big plants died, they formed layers at the bottom of swamps and the dirt began to pile up and it formed Coal.
Oil is a fossil fuel that has been formed from a large amount tiny plants and animals such as algae and zooplankton.
Essentially, an increase in mass means an increase in gravity, while a decrease in mass means a decrease in gravity. So if the Sun spontaneously lost half its mass (gasp, shudder, the horror!) then its gravitational pull on Earth would lessen as well, ultimately changing the very nature of our orbit around the Sun.
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Answer: One thing magnetism and electricity have in common is that they are related.
Explanation: Flowing electrons produce a magnetic field, and spinning magnets cause an electric current to flow.
Answer:
1. E x 4πr² = ( Q x r³) / ( R³ x ε₀ )
Explanation:
According to the problem, Q is the charge on the non conducting sphere of radius R. Let ρ be the volume charge density of the non conducting sphere.
As shown in the figure, let r be the radius of the sphere inside the bigger non conducting sphere. Hence, the charge on the sphere of radius r is :
Q₁ = ∫ ρ dV
Here dV is the volume element of sphere of radius r.
Q₁ = ρ x 4π x ∫ r² dr
The limit of integration is from 0 to r as r is less than R.
Q₁ = (4π x ρ x r³ )/3
But volume charge density, ρ = 
So, 
Applying Gauss law of electrostatics ;
∫ E ds = Q₁/ε₀
Here E is electric field inside the sphere and ds is surface element of sphere of radius r.
Substitute the value of Q₁ in the above equation. Hence,
E x 4πr² = ( Q x r³) / ( R³ x ε₀ )
Answer:
i. 0.34
ii. 0.4
iii. 1700 w/m²
iv. 2211.36 w/m²
Explanation:
Given that
Irradiation of the plate, G = 2500 w/m²
Reflected rays, p = 500 w/m²
Emissive power, E = 1200 w/m²
See attachment for calculations