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xeze [42]
2 years ago
12

A student made an initial 1:5 dilution of protein lysate. Then 2mL of that was added to 8mL of water. Lastly, the student made a

1:20 dilution of the second tube. What is the final dilution of protein lysate.
Chemistry
1 answer:
Licemer1 [7]2 years ago
3 0

Answer:

The final dilution is 1:400

Explanation:

Let's analyze what we are told: we have an initial 1:5 dilution of protein lysate. This means that the initial solution (stock solution) was diluted 5 times. Then, from this dilution the student prepared another dilution taking 2 mL of the first dilution in 8 mL of water. This is the same as saying we took 1 mL of first dilution in 4 mL of water (the ratio is the same), so we now have a second 1:4 dilution of the first dilution (1:5). Finally, the student made a third 1:20 dilution, this means that the second dilution was further diluted 20 times.

So, to calculate the final dilution of protein lysate, we have to multiply all the dilution factors of every dilution prepared: in this case we have a final dilution of 1:20, this means we have a factor dilution of 20. But it was previously diluted 4 times, so we have a factor dilution of 20×4 = 80. However, this dilution was also previously diluted 5 times, so the new dilution factor is 80 × 5 = 400

This means that the final dilution of the compound was diluted a total of 400 times compared to the initial concentration of stock solution.

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In atmospheric chemistry, the following chemical reaction converts SO2, the predominant oxide of sulfur that comes from combusti
Misha Larkins [42]

Answer:

Explanation:

From the given information;

The chemical reaction can be well presented as follows:

\mathtt{SO_{2(g)} + \dfrac{1}{2}O_{2(g)} }  ⇄ \mathtt{3SO_{2(l)}}

Now, K is known to be the equilibrium constant and it can be represented in terms of each constituent activity:

i.e

K = \dfrac{a_{so_3}}{a_{so_2} a_{o_2}^{\frac{1}{2}}}

However, since we are dealing with liquids solutions;

K = \dfrac{1}{\dfrac{Pso_2}{P^0}\Big ( \dfrac{Po_2}{P^0} \Big)^{1/2}}   since the activity of a_{so_3} is equivalent to 1

Hence, under standard conditions(i.e at a pressure of 1 bar)

K = \dfrac{1}{Pso_2Po_2^{1/2}}

(b)

From the CRC Handbook, we are meant to determine the value of the Gibb free energy by applying the formula:

\Delta _{rxn} G^o = \sum \Delta_f \ G^o (products) - \sum \Delta_fG^o (reactants) \\ \\ = (1) (-368 \ kJ/mol) - (\dfrac{1}{2}) (0) - ((1) (-300.13 \ kJ/mol)) \\ \\ = -368 \ kJ/mol + 300.13 \ kJ/mol \\ \\  \simeq -68 \ kJ/mol

Thus, for this reaction; the Gibbs frree energy = -68 kJ/mol

(c)

Le's recall that:

At equilibrium, the instantaneous free energy is usually zero &

Q(reaction quotient) is equivalent to K(equilibrium constant)

So;

\mathtt{\Delta _{rxn} G = \Delta _{rxn} G^o + RT In Q}

\mathtt{0- \Delta _{rxn} G^o = RTIn K } \\ \\ \mathtt{ \Delta _{rxn} G^o = -RTIn K }  \\ \\  K = e^{\dfrac{\Delta_{rxn} G^o}{RT}} \\ \\  K = e^{^{\dfrac{67900 \ J/mol}{8.314 \ J/mol \times 298 \ K}} }

K =7.98390356\times 10^{11} \\ \\  \mathbf{K = 7.98 \times 10^{11}}

(d)

The direction by which the reaction will proceed can be determined if we can know the value of Q(reaction quotient).

This is because;

If  Q < K, then the reaction will proceed in the right direction towards the products.

However, if Q > K , then the reaction goes to the left direction. i.e to the reactants.

So;

Q= \dfrac{1}{Pso_2Po_2^{1/2}}

Since we are dealing with liquids;

Q= \dfrac{1}{1 \times 1^{1/2}}

Q = 1

Since Q < K; Then, the reaction proceeds in the right direction.

Hence, SO2 as well O2 will combine to yield SO3, then condensation will take place to form liquid.

8 0
3 years ago
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