write an equation to represent the oxidation of an alcohol.
identify the reagents that may be used to oxidize a given alcohol.
identify the specific reagent that is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes rather than to carboxylic acids.
identify the product formed from the oxidation of a given alcohol with a specified oxidizing agent.
identify the alcohol needed to prepare a given aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid by simple oxidation.
write a mechanism for the oxidation of an alcohol using a chromium(VI) reagent.
The reading mentions that pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a milder version of chromic acid that is suitable for converting a primary alcohol into an aldehyde without oxidizing it all the way to a carboxylic acid. This reagent is being replaced in laboratories by Dess‑Martin periodinane (DMP), which has several practical advantages over PCC, such as producing higher yields and requiring less rigorous reaction conditions. DMP is named after Daniel Dess and James Martin, who developed it in 1983.
This page looks at the oxidation of alcohols using acidified sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) solution. This reaction is used to make aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, and as a way of distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Oxidizing the different types of alcohols
The oxidizing agent used in these reactions is normally a solution of sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) acidified with dilute sulfuric acid. If oxidation occurs, the orange solution containing the dichromate(VI) ions is reduced to a green solution containing chromium(III) ions. The electron-half-equation for this reaction is
Cr2O2−7+14H++6e−→2Cr3++7H2O
Answer:
53.2
Explanation:
The balanced reaction is:
2Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) → Fe₂O₃
It means that 3 moles of oxygen form 1 mol of iron(III) oxide. The molar masses are: Fe = 55.8 g/mol and O = 16 g/mol. So
O₂ = 2x 16 = 32 g/mol
Fe₂O₃ = 2x55.8 + 3x16 = 159.6 g/mol
So, 32 g of O₂ corresponds to 1 mol of O₂. The stoichiometry calculus must be (always in moles):
3 mol of O₂ ------------------------ 1 mol of Fe₂O₃
1 mol of O₂ ------------------------ x
By a direct simple three rule:
3x = 1
x = 1/3 mol of Fe₂O₃
The mass is the molar mass multiplied by the number of moles, so:
m = 159.6x (1/3)
m = 53.2 g iron (III) oxide.
Answer:
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. If the sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted and cemented, forming sedimentary rock.
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Answer:
I. A polyprotic, weak acid
II. Na2HPO4
Explanation:
Buffer solutions are those that, upon the addition of an acid or base, are capable of reacting by opposing the part of the basic or acid component to keep the pH fixed.
Buffers consist of hydrolytically active salts that dissolve in water. The ions of these salts are combined with acids and alkalis. These hydrolytically active salts are the products that result from the reaction between weak acids and strong alkalis such as calcium carbonate (from carbonic acid and calcium hydroxide) or between strong acids and weak alkalis such as ammonium chloride (a from hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide).
A buffer acid reacts when a weak acid or weak base is combined with its corresponding hydrolytic salt in a water solution, a buffer system called a buffer is formed. As in this case a weak polyrotic acid with Na2HPO4, which allows the solution to be maintained at a pH of 3.8 against small aggregate amounts of both acid and base, thus favoring the reaction at a pH of 3.8
A buffer system is not always appropriate, because the ions of some hydrolytic salts can, for example, damage organisms that come into contact with it.
Answer:
The grating spacing is 
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The wavelength is 
The angle is 
The order of the spectrum is 
Generally in grating grating the condition for maxima to occur is
where d is the grating spacing
making d the subject of the formula
Substituting values
