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finlep [7]
3 years ago
10

In which of the following atoms are valence electrons in the lowest average potential energy states?

Chemistry
1 answer:
Andrej [43]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

C) F

Explanation:

Valence electrons are the electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom and have the highest energy level of an atom whereas electrons at ground state or lower orbitals have less potential energy.

This is so because <u>orbitals nearby nucleus are strongly bonded with the atomic nucleus and have less energy than an outermost shell.</u>

So, the potential energy states of an atom depend on the number of orbitals. In the given options fluorine with atomic number 9 has less number of orbitals that is 2 orbitals and valence electrons will be present in second orbitals, so fluorine will have the lowest average potential energy states.

Hence, the correct option is "C) F".

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What were some of the “old” ideas that Isaac Newton learned in school?
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Answer:

In addition to mathematics, physics and astronomy, Newton also had an interest in alchemy, mysticism, and theology.

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In a balanced equation, the same number of each kind of atom is shown on each side of the equation. calculate the number of iron
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There is a missing portion of this question which shows the reaction that needs balancing:

"In a balanced equation, the same number of each kind of atom is shown on each side of the equation. Calculate the number of iron (Fe), oxygen (O), and carbon atoms (C).

Fe2O3+ 3CO --> 2Fe + 3CO<span>2

</span><span>Based on these values, is the equation balanced?</span><span>"
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To check if this equation is balanced we simply compare the number of each element on each side of the equation.

On the reactant side of the equation we have:

2 Fe atoms
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3 C atoms

On the product side of the equation we have:

2 Fe atoms
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Therefore, both side of the reaction have the correct and equal number of each atom, so the equation is balanced.
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Need help asap with this chemistry if someone could help me
Burka [1]

Answer:

<h3>1)</h3>

Structure One:

  • N: -2
  • C: 0
  • O: +1

Structure Two:

  • N: 0
  • C: 0
  • O: -1

Structure Three:

  • N: -1
  • C: 0
  • O: 0.

Structure Number Two would likely be the most stable structure.

<h3>2)</h3>
  • All five C atoms: 0
  • All six H atoms to C: 0
  • N atom: +1.

The N atom is the one that is "likely" to be attracted to an anion. See explanation.

Explanation:

When calculating the formal charge for an atom, the assumption is that electrons in a chemical bond are shared equally between the two bonding atoms. The formula for the formal charge of an atom can be written as:

\text{Formal Charge} \\ = \text{Number of Valence Electrons in Element} \\ \phantom{=}-\text{Number of Chemical Bonds} \\\phantom{=} - \text{Number of nonbonding Lone Pair Electrons}.

For example, for the N atom in structure one of the first question,

  • N is in IUPAC group 15. There are 15 - 10 = 5 valence electrons on N.
  • This N atom is connected to only 1 chemical bond.
  • There are three pairs, or 6 electrons that aren't in a chemical bond.

The formal charge of this N atom will be 5 - 1 - 6 = -2.

Apply this rule to the other atoms. Note that a double bond counts as two bonds while a triple bond counts as three.

<h3>1)</h3>

Structure One:

  • N: -2
  • C: 0
  • O: +1

Structure Two:

  • N: 0
  • C: 0
  • O: -1

Structure Three:

  • N: -1
  • C: 0
  • O: 0.

In general, the formal charge on all atoms in a molecule or an ion shall be as close to zero as possible. That rules out Structure number one.

Additionally, if there is a negative charge on one of the atoms, that atom shall preferably be the most electronegative one in the entire molecule. O is more electronegative than N. Structure two will likely be favored over structure three.

<h3>2)</h3>

Similarly,

  • All five C atoms: 0
  • All six H atoms to C: 0
  • N atom: +1.

Assuming that electrons in a chemical bond are shared equally (which is likely not the case,) the nitrogen atom in this molecule will carry a positive charge. By that assumption, it would attract an anion.

Note that in reality this assumption seldom holds. In this ion, the N-H bond is highly polarized such that the partial positive charge is mostly located on the H atom bonded to the N atom. This example shows how the formal charge assumption might give misleading information. However, for the sake of this particular problem, the N atom is the one that is "likely" to be attracted to an anion.

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