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1.In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup and overthrew a democratically elected government and declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country.
2. Later he conducted a referendum which was based on malpractices and fraud. He changed his designation as President in 2002.
3 In August 2002 he issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the constitution of Pakistan. According to this Order, the President can dismiss the national or provincial assemblies.
4. The work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a National Security Council which is dominated by military officers.
5. After passing this law, elected representatives have some powers but the final power rests with military officers and General Musharraf himself. Because of these reasons Pakistan under General Musharraf should not be called a democracy.
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A) Outlawing some materials.
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Answer:
The desire for a new Constitution was borne out of some of the lapses of the Articles of Confederation which produced a weak central government. In 1787, representatives from 12 states from the existing 13 states in the United States converged to draft the new U.S Constitution. Several deliberations were made to form a better and stronger system of government. However, two alliances were formed at that time as a faction. One was the Federalists and the other was the Anti-Federalists. The Federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They wanted a sizable amount of representation in government among states based on their population.
During the process of ratifying the Constitution, the Federalists argued that the Bill of Rights need not be part of the Constitution. They believed that with the addition of the Bill of Rights, the rights of citizens would be affected negatively and less protected.
The Anti-Federalists, on the other hand, wanted the same representation in all states. This alliance was led by Patrick Henry. They argued for the Bill of Rights and was against every move to establish a new Constitution, on the ground that, the constitution will give more powers to the National government and this will be detrimental to the citizens' rights.
A compromise was agreed on and after much debate on the issues of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was submitted to the Congress of Federation in 1787 and by 1788, it had been ratified by most states.
Answer:
Women's rights have historically been restricted by the Supreme Court using the reasonableness standard.
Explanation:
The reasonableness standard is used in US courts to understand whether a plaintiff or defendant acted reasonably in a harassment situation, for example, and it has been used in cases against police where the plaintiff claims excessive violence was used. There is also the "reasonable woman standard" that has been used in US Supreme Court Cases like Harris vs. Forklift Systems 510 US 17 (1993). The Supreme Court sided in favor of Harris who had to appeal two lower court decisions that found that Harris was not sufficiently psychologically impacted for the case to constitute harassment. The reasonableness standard can be seen as limiting because it imposes the standards of what men find reasonable in a sexual situation and coworker relationship at the expense of what women may find uncomfortable or inappropriate.
