Answer:
upward (F=ma if f is up a is up)
Answer : The current passing between the electrodes is, 
Explanation :
First we have to calculate the charge of sodium ion.

where,
q = charge of sodium ion
n = number of sodium ion = 
e = charge on electron = 
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

Now we have to calculate the charge of chlorine ion.

where,
q' = charge of chlorine ion
n = number of chlorine ion = 
e = charge on electron = 
Now put all the given values in the above formula, we get:

Now we have to calculate the current passing between the electrodes.



Thus, the current passing between the electrodes is, 
Answer: In polar covalent bonds a pair of electrons are unequally shared between two atoms, while in nonpolar covalent bonds two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other.
I hope this helps :)
Explanation:
Answer is: both reactions
are exothermic.
<span>
In exothermic reactions, heat is released and enthalpy of reaction is less than
zero (as it show second chemical reaction).
According to Le Chatelier's principle when the reaction
is exothermic heat is included as a product (as it show first
chemical reaction).</span>