Explanation:
Metals are the species which readily lose electrons in order to attain stability. This electron lost by the atom is actually present in its outermost shell which is also known as valence shell.
Ionization energy is defined as the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral gaseous atom.
When we move across a period from left to right then there occurs a decrease in atomic size of the atoms. Therefore, ionization energy increases along a period.
But when we move down a group then there occurs an increase in atomic size of the atoms due to addition of number of electrons in the atoms. Hence, ionization energy decreases along a group.
Thus, we can conclude that metals have low ionization energies and readily share their valence or outer electrons with each other to form an electron sea. These electrons are delocalized or shared among all the atoms that are bonded together and can therefore move freely throughout the metal structure.
Thermal energy travels<span> by conduction, convection, and radiation. It occurs when a cooler and warmer object touches each other. </span>
How many protons does Thorium have? 90
How many neutrons does Thorium-234 have? 144
Calculate the mass defect for the isotope thorium-234 1.85864 amu
Compounds in alcoholic beverages that enhance flavor and appearance but may contribute to hangover symptoms are called congeners.
<h3>Alcoholic beverages:</h3>
Congeners are compounds that add to the flavor, smell, and appearance of most alcoholic beverages. These substances may make hangover symptoms worse. Because they contain fewer congeners than whiskey, brandy, and red wine, clear alcoholic beverages like gin and vodka have less of a hangover-inducing effect.
The impact of ethanol, or the alcohol in your drinks, is the primary contributor to a hangover. It is a poisonous substance that acts as a diuretic in the body, which causes you to urinate more frequently and increases the likelihood that you will become dehydrated. The incidence and intensity of hangovers are both increased by congeners, substances created during the digestion and maturation of alcohol.
Learn more about congeners here:
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Missing question: Write the net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of ammonium carbonate and cobalt(II) bromide are combined.<span>Balanced chemical reaction:
(NH</span>₄)₂CO₃(aq) + CoBr₂(aq) → CoCO₃(s) + 2NH₄Br(aq).
Net ionic reaction:
2NH₄⁺(aq) + CO²⁻(aq) + Co²⁺(aq) + 2Br⁻(aq) → CoCO₃ + 2NH₄(aq)+ 2Br(aq).
or CO²⁻(aq) + Co²⁺(aq) → CoCO₃(s).
