As light travels through a medium, it moves in a straight line path,but when light passes from one medium into another medium, the light path bends,Refraction takes place.
To solve this exercise it is necessary to take into account the concepts related to Tensile Strength and Shear Strenght.
In Materials Mechanics, generally the bodies under certain loads are subject to both Tensile and shear strenghts.
By definition we know that the tensile strength is defined as

Where,
Tensile strength
F = Tensile Force
A = Cross-sectional Area
In the other hand we have that the shear strength is defined as

where,
Shear strength
Shear Force
Parallel Area
PART A) Replacing with our values in the equation of tensile strenght, then

Resolving for F,

PART B) We need here to apply the shear strength equation, then



In such a way that the material is more resistant to tensile strength than shear force.
In solids, particles or atom are very closely arranged compared to gasses. When these particles are arranged in such proximity, vibrations from sound are very easily transmitted from one particle to another in the solid. Hence, the sound vibrations can travel through the solid medium more quickly than through a gas medium.
Speed of sound also depends on its frequency and the wavelength.
The momentum of ball is given by:
Since both have the same momentum, we have:
Number 3If you notice any mistake in my english, please let me know, because i am not native.