Answer: If the light ray hits the boundary at an angle which is not perpendicular to or parallel to the surface, then it will change direction and appear to `bend'
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Answer:
The system is not in equilibrium and will evolve left to right to reach equilibrium.
Explanation:
The reaction quotient Qc is defined for a generic reaction:
aA + bB → cC + dD
![Q=\frac{[C]^{c} *[D]^{d} }{[A]^{a}*[B]^{b} }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Q%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5BC%5D%5E%7Bc%7D%20%2A%5BD%5D%5E%7Bd%7D%20%7D%7B%5BA%5D%5E%7Ba%7D%2A%5BB%5D%5E%7Bb%7D%20%20%7D)
where the concentrations are not those of equilibrium, but other given concentrations
Chemical Equilibrium is the state in which the direct and indirect reaction have the same speed and is represented by a constant Kc, which for a generic reaction as shown above, is defined:
![Kc=\frac{[C]^{c} *[D]^{d} }{[A]^{a}*[B]^{b} }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Kc%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5BC%5D%5E%7Bc%7D%20%2A%5BD%5D%5E%7Bd%7D%20%7D%7B%5BA%5D%5E%7Ba%7D%2A%5BB%5D%5E%7Bb%7D%20%20%7D)
where the concentrations are those of equilibrium.
This constant is equal to the multiplication of the concentrations of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the multiplication of the concentrations of the reactants also raised to their stoichiometric coefficients.
Comparing Qc with Kc allows to find out the status and evolution of the system:
- If the reaction quotient is equal to the equilibrium constant, Qc = Kc, the system has reached chemical equilibrium.
- If the reaction quotient is greater than the equilibrium constant, Qc> Kc, the system is not in equilibrium. In this case the direct reaction predominates and there will be more product present than what is obtained at equilibrium. Therefore, this product is used to promote the reverse reaction and reach equilibrium. The system will then evolve to the left to increase the reagent concentration.
- If the reaction quotient is less than the equilibrium constant, Qc <Kc, the system is not in equilibrium. The concentration of the reagents is higher than it would be at equilibrium, so the direct reaction predominates. Thus, the system will evolve to the right to increase the concentration of products.
In this case:
![Q=\frac{[So_{3}] ^{2} }{[SO_{2} ]^{2}* [O_{2}] }](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Q%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5BSo_%7B3%7D%5D%20%5E%7B2%7D%20%7D%7B%5BSO_%7B2%7D%20%5D%5E%7B2%7D%2A%20%5BO_%7B2%7D%5D%20%7D)

Q=100,000
100,000 < 4,300,000 (4.3*10⁶)
Q < Kc
<u><em>
The system is not in equilibrium and will evolve left to right to reach equilibrium.</em></u>
Answer : The time passed in years is 
Explanation :
Half-life of carbon-14 = 5730 years
First we have to calculate the rate constant, we use the formula :



Now we have to calculate the time passed.
Expression for rate law for first order kinetics is given by:

where,
k = rate constant = 
t = time passed by the sample = ?
a = initial amount of the reactant disintegrate = 15.3
a - x = amount left after decay process = 14.8
Now put all the given values in above equation, we get


Therefore, the time passed in years is 
Answer:
12. is the pressure equilibrium constant for the decomposition of ammonia at the final temperature of the mixture.
Explanation:

initially
3.0 atm 0 0
At equilibrium
(3.0-2p) p 3p
Equilibrium partial pressure of nitrogen gas = p = 0.90 atm
The expression of a pressure equilibrium constant will be given by :




12. is the pressure equilibrium constant for the decomposition of ammonia at the final temperature of the mixture.
The third option, 2,2,1,2