The first law of thermodynamics can be written as

where

is the variation of internal energy of the system

is the amount of heat absorbed by the system

is the work done by the system on the surrounding.
Using this form, the sign convention for Q and W becomes:
Q > 0 --> heat absorbed by the system (because it increases the internal energy)
Q < 0 --> heat released by the system (because it decreases the internal energy)
W > 0 --> work done by the system (for instance, an expansion: when the system expands, it does work on the surrounding, and so the internal energy decreases, this is why there is a negative sign in the formula Q-W)
W < 0 --> work done by the surrounding on the system (for instance, a compression: when the system is compressed, the surrounding is doing work on the system, and so the internal energy of the system increases)
Answer:
D) equal to the flux of electric field through the Gaussian surface B.
Explanation:
Flux through S(A) = Flux through S (B ) = Charge inside/ ∈₀
<span>In a 2-dimensional coordinate system, the x- and y-axes
are typically perpendicular to each other. (C) </span>
To solve the problem we will simply perform equivalence between both expressions. We will proceed to place your units and develop your internal operations in case there is any. From there we will compare and look at its consistency


At the same time we have that



Therefore there is not have same units and both are not consistent and the correct answer is B.
Relative motion can best be defined as B<span> the motion of one object as it appears to another object.
An example is when you are in a car the car has the actual motion because it is the one moving but you are also moving because of relative motion.</span>