A place that is cold because of an increase in altitude has a mountain area climate or simply, mountain climate. An area that is high in altitude typically has a colder temperature because of the increased amount of rainfall they have. Also, air tends to cool as it rises in temperature.
The lithosphere includes the crust, and the mantle :)
When light travels from a medium with higher refractive index to a medium with lower refractive index, the critical angle is the angle of incidence above which light is reflected only (no refraction occurs), and the value of this critical angle is given by

where n2 is the refractive index of the second medium and n1 is the refractive index of the first medium.
In this problem, the first medium is the glass (

), while the second medium is oil (

), therefore the critical angle is given by
B. because protons and neutron are the sum of atomic mass of an element