Modern vehicles do not have steam or coal engines
Primitive transportation and storage systems that make local distribution ineffective if not impossible, and the lack of clean water and the lack of effective sewer systems are all examples of the barrier called physical & environmental barriers.
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What are the problems with having physical & environmental barriers?</h3>
Time, Place, Space, Climate, and Noise are the key environmental/physical constraints. Some are simple to change, while others may prove to be difficult.
Physical barriers are essentially defined by three primary factors: environment, distance, and medium unawareness. Environmental barriers, on the other hand, are connected to variables that occur in the current environment.
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Answer: Fracture will not occur since Kc (32.2 MPa√m) ∠ KIc (35 MPa√m).
Explanation:
in this question we are asked to determine if an aircraft will fracture for a given fracture toughness.
let us begin,
from the question we have that;
stress = 325 MPa
fracture toughness (KIc) = 35 MPa√m
the max internal crack length = 1.0 m
using the formula;
Y = KIc/σ√(πα) ---------------(1)
solving for Y we have;
Y = 35 (MPa√m) / 250 (MPa) √(π × 2×10⁻3/2m)
Y = 2.50
so to calculate the fracture roughness;
Kc = Y × σ√(πα) = 2.5 × 3.25√(π × 1×10⁻³/2) = 32.2 MPa√m
Kc = 32.2 MPa√m
From our results we can say that fracture will not occur since Kc (32.2 MPa√m) is less than KIc (35 MPa√m) of the material.
cheers i hope this helps!!!!
