First let us determine the electronic configuration of
Bromine (Br). This is written as:
Br = [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Then we must recall that the greatest effective nuclear
charge (also referred to as shielding) greatly increases as distance of the
orbital to the nucleus also increases. So therefore the electron in the
farthest shell will experience the greatest nuclear charge hence the answer is:
<span>4p orbital</span>
Answer:
Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a negative charge.
Sounds good, but would do little to explain why lithium, with 3 electrons, is more reactive than Helium with 2, or why Caesium is more reactive than Sodium, although it clearly has far more electrons with which to shield its nucleus.
Hydrogen is unusual in having a fairly exposed nucleus, but chemistry is not very much about the nucleus, it is about the way the electrons themselves interact. As Lightarrow suggests, it does help if you know the quantum behaviour of electrons in an atom (which I do not claim to know), but it basically boils down to electrons preferring some configurations over others.
At the simplest, the comparison between hydrogen and helium – it is not really to do with the nucleus, it is more to do with electrons liking to be in pairs. Electrons have (like most common particles) two possible spin states, and they are more stable when an electron in one spin state is paired with an electron in the opposite spin state. When two hydrogen atoms meet, the electrons each one of them hold can be shared between them, forming a more stable pair of electrons, and thus binding the two atoms together.
All of the group 1 atoms (hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, caesium; all share the characteristic that they have an odd number of electrons, and that one of those electrons is relatively unstable. The reason that the heavier atoms are more reactive is quite contrary to the argument that Lightarrow put forward – it is not because of a stronger electrical reaction with the nucleus, but because of the larger number of electrons in the bigger atoms, they are actually more weakly attached to their own nucleus, and so more readily interact with the electrons of other atoms.
Another, even more stable configuration for the electrons around an atom requires 8 electrons. This gives the noble gases (apart from Helium) their stability, but it also gives atoms like chlorine and fluorine their reactivity. Atoms like those of chlorine and fluorine are only one electron short of having a group 8 electrons available to them, and so will readily snatch an electron from another atom (particularly if it is an atom that has a single loose electron, such as sodium or caesium) in order to make up that group of 8 electrons.
The above explanation is very crude, and really does need a proper understanding of the quantum states of electrons to give a better quantitative answer (it is probably the kind of answer that might have been acceptable in the 1920s or 1930s – the Bohr orbital model of the atom, but has now been superseded by better explanations of what goes on amongst the electrons of an atom).
Answer:
An atom is a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element . An atom consists of cental nucleus that is usually surrounded by one or more electrons. Each electrons is negatively charged.
Hope this helps you! bye
