Answer:
Temperature
Explanation:
Heat only flows from one point to the other due to the difference in temperature.
I attached the full question.
We know that for a parallel-plate capacitor the surface charge density is given by the following formula:

Where V is the voltage between the plates and d is separation.
Voltage is by definition:

Voltage is analog to the mechanical work done by the force.
Above formula is correct only If the field is constant, and we can assume that it is since no function has been given.
The charge density would then be:

Please note that elecric permittivity of air is very close to elecric permittivity of vacum, it is common to use them <span>interchangeably</span>.
1). The little projectile is affected by friction all the way through the block.
Friction robs some kinetic energy.
2). The block is affected by friction as it scrapes along the top of the post.
Friction robs some kinetic energy.
3). The block is also affected by friction with the air (air resistance) as it
falls to the ground. Friction robs some kinetic energy.
If a man has a mass of 83 kilograms on Earth, the force of gravity on his body be on the moon 135.6N. force =mass*acc , 83 * 9.8/6= 813.4/6 = 135.6N
To solve this problem it is necessary to apply the concepts related to the magnetic field.
According to the information, the magnetic field INSIDE the plates is,

Where,
Permeability constant
Electromotive force
r = Radius
From this deduction we can verify that the distance is proportional to the field

Then the distance relationship would be given by




On the outside, however, it is defined by

Here the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the distance, that is

Then,



