Scalar quantity are physical quantities that have just magnitude, not direction.
- It is always positive.
- Examples: Speed, distance
<span>step 1: energy required to heat coffee
E = m Cp dT
E = energy to heat coffee
m = mass coffee = 225 mL x (0.997 g / mL) = 224g
Cp = heat capacity of coffee = 4.184 J / gK
dT = change in temp of coffee = 62.0 - 25.0 C = 37.0 C
E = (224 g) x (4.184 J / gK) x (37.0 C) = 3.46x10^4 J
step2: find energy of a single photon of the radiation
E = hc / λ
E = energy of the photon
h = planck's constant = 6.626x10^-34 J s
c = speed of light = 3.00x10^8 m/s
λ = wavelength = 11.2 cm = 11.2 cm x (1m / 100 cm) = 0.112 m
E = (6.626x10^-34 J s) x (3.00x10^8 m/s) / (0.112 m) = 1.77x10^-16 J
step3: Number of photons
3.46x10^4 J x ( 1 photon / 1.77x10^-16 J) = 1.95x10^20 photons</span>
Answer:
In the words of Hartshorn and Alexander: “Economic Geography is the study of the spatial variation on the earth’s surface of activities related to producing, exchanging and consuming goods and services. Whenever possible the goal is to develop generalizations and theories to account for these spatial variations.”
Explanation:
<span>Melting of ice is an endothermic process, meaning that energy is absorbed. When ice spontaneously melts, ΔH (change in enthalpy) is "positive". ΔS (entropy change) is also positive, because, becoming a liquid, water molecules lose their fixed position in the ice crystal, and become more disorganized. ΔG (free energy of reaction) is negative when a reaction proceeds spontaneously, as it happens in this case. Ice spontaneously melts at temperatures higher than 0°C. However, liquid water also spontaneously freezes at temperatures below 0°C. Therefore the temperature is instrumental in determining which "melting" of ice, or "freezing" of water becomes spontaneous. The whole process is summarized in the Gibbs free energy equation:
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS</span>
