write an equation to represent the oxidation of an alcohol.
identify the reagents that may be used to oxidize a given alcohol.
identify the specific reagent that is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes rather than to carboxylic acids.
identify the product formed from the oxidation of a given alcohol with a specified oxidizing agent.
identify the alcohol needed to prepare a given aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid by simple oxidation.
write a mechanism for the oxidation of an alcohol using a chromium(VI) reagent.
The reading mentions that pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a milder version of chromic acid that is suitable for converting a primary alcohol into an aldehyde without oxidizing it all the way to a carboxylic acid. This reagent is being replaced in laboratories by Dess‑Martin periodinane (DMP), which has several practical advantages over PCC, such as producing higher yields and requiring less rigorous reaction conditions. DMP is named after Daniel Dess and James Martin, who developed it in 1983.
This page looks at the oxidation of alcohols using acidified sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) solution. This reaction is used to make aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids, and as a way of distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Oxidizing the different types of alcohols
The oxidizing agent used in these reactions is normally a solution of sodium or potassium dichromate(VI) acidified with dilute sulfuric acid. If oxidation occurs, the orange solution containing the dichromate(VI) ions is reduced to a green solution containing chromium(III) ions. The electron-half-equation for this reaction is
Cr2O2−7+14H++6e−→2Cr3++7H2O
Answer:The first task of a nuclear weapon design is to rapidly assemble a supercritical mass of fissile uranium or plutonium. A supercritical mass is one in which the percentage of fission-produced neutrons captured by another fissile nucleus is large enough that each fission event, on average, causes more than one additional fission event. Once the critical mass is assembled, at maximum density, a burst of neutrons is supplied to start as many chain reactions as possible. Early weapons used a modulated neutron generator codenamed "Urchin" inside the pit containing polonium-210 and beryllium separated by a thin barrier. Implosion of the pit crushed the neutron generator, mixing the two metals, thereby allowing alpha particles from the polonium to interact with beryllium to produce free neutrons. In modern weapons, the neutron generator is a high-voltage vacuum tube containing a particle accelerator which bombards a deuterium/tritium-metal hydride target with deuterium and tritium ions. The resulting small-scale fusion produces neutrons at a protected location outside the physics package, from which they penetrate the pit. This method allows better control of the timing of chain reaction initiation.
Explanation:
Molar mass (CaCl2) = 40.1 +2*35.5 = 111.1 g/mol
Molar mass (AlCl3) = 27.0 +3*35.5= 133.5 g/ mol
3CaCl2+Al2O3 -------->3CaO +2AlCl3
mole from reaction 3 mol 2 mol
mass from reaction 3mol* 111.1g/mol 2 mol*133.5g/mol
333.3 g 267.0 g
mass from problem 45.7 g x g
Proportion:
333.3 g CaCl2 ------- 267.0 g AlCl3
45.7 g CaCl2 -------- x g AlCl3
x=45.7*267.0/333.3= 36.6 g AlCl3
Answer:
42.65g
Explanation:
Given parameters:
Mass of K = 4g
Unknown: Mass of KCl
Solution:
Complete equation of the reaction:
2K + Cl₂ → 2KCl
To solve this problem, we know that the reactant in short supply is potassium K and this dictates the amount of products that would be formed. The chlorine gas is in excess and we can't use it to determine the amount of product that would form.
Now, we work from the known to the unknown. Since we know the mass of K given in the reaction, we can simply find the molar relationship between the reacting potassium and the product. We simply convert the mass to mole and compare to the product. From there we can find the mass of KCl that would be produced.
Calculating number of moles of K
Number of moles = 
Number of moles of K = 
= 0.103mol
From the given reaction equation:
2 moles of K will produce 2 moles of KCl
Therefore 0.103mol of K will produce 0.103mol of KCl
To find the mass of KCl produced,
Mass of KCl = number of moles of KCl x molar mass
Molar mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5gmol⁻¹
Mass of KCl = 0.103 x 74.5 = 42.65g
