Echo sounding is a type of SONAR used to determine the depth of water by transmitting sound pulses into water. The time interval between emission and return of a pulse is recorded, which is used to determine the depth of water along with the speed of sound in water at the time.
*heat transfer energy, As it always flow from higher temperature to lower temperature till it reach the thermal equilibrium.
example: -friction.
- collisions.
- the hot cup which's hotter than your hand✋will transfer heat in your hand. and a cold piece of ice which's colder than your hand to causing the heat transfer out of your hand .
*temperature ️ depends on the move of particle and we have a different shape of motion like:
translational motion.
rotational motion.
vibrational motion.
when the temperature:
increases it has more kinetic energy and faster moving particles and the object expanded which known as (thermal expansion).
decreases it has less kinetic energy and slower moving particles.
As kinetic energy is 1/2 mV².
example: -the mercury in thermometers.
*Absolute zero :
The theoretical temperature at which substances possess no thermal energy, equal to 0 K, −273.15°C, or −459.67°F.
*specific heat "c" :
is essentially a measure of how thermally insensitive a substance is to the addition of energy.
c=Q/m∆T
where Q is energy .
note water has a higher specific heat, and lower temperature.
*conduction <em><u>example</u></em> When the stove is turned on, the skillet becomes very hot due to the conduction of heat from the burner to the skillet.
Light that enters the new medium <em>perpendicular to the surface</em> keeps sailing straight through the new medium unrefracted (in the same direction).
Perpendicular to the surface is the "normal" to the surface. So the angle of incidence (angle between the laser and the normal) is zero, and the law of refraction (just like the law of reflection) predicts an angle of zero between the normal and the refracted (or the reflected) beam.
Moral of the story: If you want your laser to keep going in the same direction after it enters the water, or to bounce back in the same direction it came from when it hits the mirror, then shoot it <em>straight on</em> to the surface, perpendicular to it.
The correct is Reverberation. A reverberation is created when a sound or signal is reflected causing a large number of reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could include furniture, people, and air.
