Lowery-Bronsted theory is applied here. Acc. to this theory Base accepts protons and Acids donate proton.
Part 1:
Aniline is less basic than ethylamine because the lone pair on nitrogen (which accepts proton) is not localized. It resonates throughout the conjugated system of phenyl ring. Hence due to unavailability of electrons for accepting proton it is less basic compare to ethylamine. In ethyl amine the lone pair of electron is localized and available to abstract proton.
Part 2:
In this case the alkyl groups attached to -NH₂ (in ethylamine) and -O⁻ (in ethoxide are same (i.e. CH₃-CH₂-). Ethoxide is more basic than ethylamine because ethoxide is a conjugate base of ethanol (pKa value of ethanol = 15.9 very weak acid) and the conjugate base of weak acid is always a strong base. Secondly, the oxygen atom more Electronegative than Nitrogen atom can attract more electron cloud from alkyl group as compared to Nitrogen in ethylamine. Hence, oxygen in ethoxide attains greater electron cloud than the nitrogen in ethylamine. Therefore, it is more basic than ethylamine.
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Answer:
Gravity
Explanation:
It can settle down and separate over time due to gravity.
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<>"Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes from one material into another material. The refraction occurs at the boundary and is caused by a change in the speed of the light wave upon crossing the boundary. The tendency of a ray of light to bend one direction or another is dependent upon whether the light wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing the boundary. The speed of a light wave is dependent upon the optical density of the material through which it moves. For this reason, the direction that the path of a light wave bends depends on whether the light wave is traveling from a more dense (slow) medium to a less dense (fast) medium or from a less dense medium to a more dense medium. In this part of Lesson 1, we will investigate this topic of the direction of bending of a light wave.
Predicting the Direction of Bending
Recall the Marching Soldiers analogy discussed earlier in this lesson. The analogy served as a model for understanding the boundary behavior of light waves. As discussed, the analogy is often illustrated in a Physics classroom by a student demonstration. In the demonstration, a line of students (representing a light wave) marches towards a masking tape (representing the boundary) and slows down upon crossing the boundary (representative of entering a new medium). The direction of the line of students changes upon crossing the boundary. The diagram below depicts this change in direction for a line of students who slow down upon crossing the boundary.
On the diagram, the direction of the students is represented by two arrows known as rays. The direction of the students as they approach the boundary is represented by an incident ray (drawn in blue). And the direction of the students after they cross the boundary is represented by a refracted ray (drawn in red). Since the students change direction (i.e., refract), the incident ray and the refracted ray do not point in the same direction. Also, note that a perpendicular line is drawn to the boundary at the point where the incident ray strikes the boundary (i.e., masking tape). A line drawn perpendicular to the boundary at the point of incidence is known as a normal line. Observe that the refracted ray lies closer to the normal line than the incident ray does. In such an instance as this, we would say that the path of the students has bent towards the normal. We can extend this analogy to light and conclude that:
Light Traveling from a Fast to a Slow Medium
If a ray of light passes across the boundary from a material in which it travels fast into a material in which travels slower, then the light ray will bend towards the normal line.
The above principle applies to light passing from a material in which it travels fast across a boundary and into a material in which it travels slowly. But what if light wave does the opposite? What if a light wave passes from a material in which it travels slowly across a boundary and into a material in which it travels fast? The answer to this question can be answered if we reconsider the Marching Soldier analogy. Now suppose that the each individual student in the train of students speeds up once they cross the masking tape. The first student to reach the boundary will speed up and pull ahead of the other students. When the second student reaches the boundary, he/she will also speed up and pull ahead of the other students who have not yet reached the boundary. This continues for each consecutive student, causing the line of students to now be traveling in a direction further from the normal. This is depicted in the diagram below.
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Answer:
The correct answer is option D which is the decreasing order of conductivity is Mn, O, Ge.
Explanation:
You can easily answer this if you know the periodic trends. For the property of electrical conductivity, it decreases across a period and decreases also down a group. Thus, the most conductive element must be Mn, while the least conductive one is Ge. So, the answer is: -Mn, O, Ge
