The air is less dense at higher altitudes. How does this affect climate? The climate tends to be warmer due to the intensity of
sun's radiant energy at higher elevations. The climate tends to be cooler than the surrounding areas at lower elevations. The climate is the same as the surrounding locations at lower elevations.
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Answer:
25,3mL of 0,450M HCl are the maximum volume you can add to the buffer.
Explanation:
The maximum buffer capacity that you can have with HCOOH-HCOO⁻ is when the acid and its conjugate base are in the same proportions, that means [HCOOH] = 0,090M and [HCOO⁻] = 0,090M.
In moles: 0,155L×0,090M = 0,01395 moles
Hendersson-Hasselbalch equation for this system is:
pH = 3,74 + log₁₀ [HCOO⁻] /[HCOOH]
The pH of this buffer is equal to pka = 3,74.
A buffer lost is buffering capacity when pH is pka-1 or pka+1. Under addition of HCl the buffer will lost is buffering capacity when pH = 2,74. Using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
2,74 = 3,74 + log₁₀ [HCOO⁻] /[HCOOH]
0,1 = [HCOO⁻] /[HCOOH] <em>(1)</em>
The reaction of HCl with HCOO⁻ is:
HCOO⁻ + HCl → HCOOH + Cl⁻
Using this reaction and moles of formic/formiate buffer:
0,1 = [0,01395-x] / [0,01395+x]
Being x the moles of HCl added in the reaction.
0,001395+0,1x = 0,01395 - x
1,1x = 0,012555
x = 0,0114 moles of HCl you need to add.
As the concentration of the HCl solution is 0,450M
0,0114 mol × = 0,0253L ≡ <em>25,3 mL </em>that are the maximum volume you can add.
I hope it helps!