The clearer answer is they measure the remaining carbon, and the less that there is the older the fossil is.
Answer: Option (b) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Buffere is defined as the solution to whom when an acid or base is added then it resists any in change in pH of the solution.
This is because a buffer has the ability to not get affected by the addition of small amounts of an acid or a base. So, basically it keeps the concentration of both hydrogen ions and hydroxides equal. As a result, it helps in maintaining the pH of the solution.
And, the capacity of a buffer solution to resist the change is known as buffer capacity.
Thus, we can conclude that buffering capacity refers to the extent to which a buffer solution can counteract the effect of added acid or base.
It's essentially another word for concentration, of the acid. e.g. "the molarity of the acid is 3moldm^-3"
The reason for adding a limited amount and then an excess amount is that initially a metal hydroxide may form which becomes soluble when more base is added and the metal complex forms.
In qualitative analysis is a common to add the base in drops and then in excess. When added in drops, the metal hydroxide is formed. This metal hydroxide is often insoluble.
After this metal hydroxide is formed, the base could be added in excess such that the metal hydroxide dissolves in the excess base by forming a complex.
For instance;
CuCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -------> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2OH^-(aq) -------> [Cu(OH)4]^2+(aq)
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