In the formation of sodium chloride by the combination of<br> sodium and chlorine:

Metal rings can be coated with a layer of copper using electricity.

Eduardwww [97]

<u>First of all, what is electrolysis?</u>

Electrolysis is the process of breaking down ionic substances using direct current.

<u>Important points about electrolysis </u>

→ Ionic substances contain particles called ions.

→ Electricity is the flow of electrons or ions. For electrolysis to work, the compound must contain ions. The ions must be free to move for electrolysis to occur and it can happen by melting or dissolving an ionic substance in water.

→ Positively charged ions move to the negative electrode. They receive electrons and are <em>reduced</em>. The positive ions move towards the negative electrode because they want to cancel each other out.

→ Negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode. They lose electrons and are <em>oxidised</em>. The substance that is broken down is called the electrolyte <em>(an electrolyte is just a liquid or solution that can conduct electricity)</em> . The negative ions move towards the positive electrode because they want to cancel each other out.

<h3>Cathode = Negative electrode</h3><h3>Anode = Positive electrode</h3>

Metal ions form at the cathode and non-metal ions form at the anode

How I remember if an element is <em>oxidised</em> or <em>reduced</em> is by remembering OIL RIG

OIL = Oxidation is Loss (of electrons)

RIG = Reduction is Gain (of electrons)

<h2><em><u>The answer to your question</u></em></h2>

1) The first step would be to clean the metal ring and sand it down because when the metal atoms from the electrolyte are deposited onto the ring, they will form a weak bond and they may simply 'fall' off. Also this could affect conductivity and the whole experiment. The more things you do accurately now, the more accurate your result will be.

2) You want to put the solution you are given in to the tank your going to be using.

3) This is basically the main part, you want to set up the circuit, I have attached a diagram at the bottom to show you the circuit. The copper rod will be the anode and the metal ring will be a cathode (ignore the elements).

4) Now turn on the circuit and you will start to see the solution spilt with the the solution now being split some going to the anode and some going the cathode.

5) Then a thin layer should form on the electrode.

Hope this helps :)

5 0

3 years ago

For the following example, list the given and unknown information (including gratis or moles)

Setler79 [48]

Answer:

9.6 moles O2

Explanation:

I'll assume it is 345 grams, not gratis, of water. Hydrogen's molar mass is 1.01, not 101.

The molar mass of water is 18.0 grams/mole.

Therefore: (345g)/(18.0 g/mole) = 19.17 or 19.2 moles water (3 sig figs).

The balanced equation states that: 2H20 ⇒ 2H2 +02

It promises that we'll get 1 mole of oxygen for every 2 moles of H2O, a molar ratio of 1/2.

get (1 mole O2/2 moles H2O)*(19.2 moles H2O) or 9.6 moles O2

6 0

2 years ago

When methyloxirane is treated with HBr, the bromide ion attacks the less substituted position. However, when phenyloxirane is tr

konstantin123 [22]

Answer:

See explanation and picture below

Explanation:

First, in the case of methyloxirane (Also known as propilene oxide) the mechanism that is taking place there is something similar to a Sn2 mechanism. Although a Sn2 mechanism is a bimolecular substitution taking place in only step, the mechanism followed here is pretty similar after the first step.

In both cases, the H atom of the HBr goes to the oxygen in the molecule. You'll have a OH⁺ in both. However, in the case of methyloxirane the next step is a Sn2 mechanism step, the bromide ion will go to the less substitued carbon, because the methyl group is exerting a steric hindrance. Not a big one but it has a little effect there, that's why the bromide will rather go to the carbon with more hydrogens. and the final product is formed.

In the case of phenyloxirane, once the OH⁺ is formed, the next step is a Sn1 mechanism. In this case, the bond C - OH⁺ is opened on the side of the phenyl to stabilize the OH. This is because that carbon is more stable than the carbon with no phenyl. (A 3° carbon is more stable than a 2° carbon). Therefore, when this bond opens, the bromide will go there in the next step, and the final product is formed. See picture below for mechanism and products.

4 0

3 years ago

What is the limiting reagent when a 2.00 g sample of ammonia is mixed with 4.00 g of oxygen?

UNO [17]

Answer:

Ammonia is limiting reactant

Amount of oxygen left = 0.035 mol

Explanation:

Masa of ammonia = 2.00 g

Mass of oxygen = 4.00 g

Which is limiting reactant = ?

Balance chemical equation:

4NH₃ + 3O₂ → 2N₂ + 6H₂O

Number of moles of ammonia:

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Number of moles = 2.00 g/ 17 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.12 mol

Number of moles of oxygen:

Number of moles = mass/molar mass

Number of moles = 4.00 g/ 32 g/mol

Number of moles = 0.125 mol

Now we will compare the moles of ammonia and oxygen with water and nitrogen.

NH₃ : N₂

4 : 2

0.12 : 2/4×0.12 = 0.06

NH₃ : H₂O

4 : 6

0.12 : 6/4×0.12 = 0.18

O₂ : N₂

3 : 2

0.125 : 2/3×0.125 = 0.08

O₂ : H₂O

3 : 6

0.125 : 6/3×0.125 = 0.25

The number of moles of water and nitrogen formed by ammonia are less thus ammonia will be limiting reactant.

Amount of oxygen left:

NH₃ : O₂

4 : 3

0.12 : 3/4×0.12= 0.09

Amount of oxygen react = 0.09 mol

Amount of oxygen left = 0.125 - 0.09 = 0.035 mol

3 0

3 years ago

How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does the following isotope contain? ^{18} \text{F}^{-} 18 F −

melomori [17]

Isotope ¹⁸F⁻ contains:
1) p⁺ = 9; number of protons.
Fluorine has a<span>tomic number Z = 9 (total number of protons).
2) e</span>⁻<span> = 10; </span>number of electrons.<span>
In element number of electrons and protons are the same, because element has neutral charge, but because in this example, fluorine is anion with negative charge, it has one electron more.
3) n</span>° = 9; number of neutrons.
<span>Mass number A = 18 is total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, so number of neutrons is A-Z = 18-9=9.</span>

8 0

3 years ago

In the formation of sodium chloride by the combination of sodium and chlorine: