Answer:
Temperature and pressure are the two factors which are responsible for change in state of matter.
Solid – In a solid, the attractive forces keep the particles together tightly enough so that the particles do not move past each other. ... In the solid the particles vibrate in place. Liquid – In a liquid, particles will flow or glide over one another, but stay toward the bottom of the container.
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First, we have to see how K2O behaves when it is dissolved in water:
K2O + H20 = 2 KOH
According to reaction K2O has base properties, so it forms a hydroxide in water.
For the reaction next relation follows:
c(KOH) : c(K2O) = 1 : 2
So,
c(KOH)= 2 x c(K2O)= 2 x 0.005 = 0.01 M = c(OH⁻)
Now we can calculate pH:
pOH= -log c(OH⁻) = -log 0.01 = 2
pH= 14-2 = 12
Produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions. If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella.
Answer:
D) Oxygen is oxidized and hydrogen is reduced.
Explanation:
In the electrolysis of water, an electric current passes through an electrolytic solution (e.g. aqueous NaCl), leading to the following redox reaction.
H₂O(l) → H₂(g) + 1/2 O₂(g)
The corresponding half-reactions are:
Reduction: 2 H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻ → H₂(g) + 2 OH⁻
Oxidation: 2 H₂O(l) → O₂(g) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 4 e⁻
As we can see, H in water is reduced (its oxidation number decreases from 1 to 0), while O in water is oxidized (its oxidation number increases from -2 to 0).
Valence electrons is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed. In a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.
The presence of valence electrons can determine the elements chemical properties, such as its valence—whether it may bond with other elements and, if so, how readily and with how many. In this way, a given element's reactivity is highly dependent upon its electronic configuration. For a main group element, a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell; in a transition metal, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell.
An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons (corresponding to an electron configuration s2p6 for main group elements) tends to be chemically inert. Atoms with one or two valence electrons more than a closed shell are highly reactive due to the relatively low energy to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion. An atom with one or two electrons less than a closed shell is reactive due to its tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons and form a negative ion, or else to share valence electrons and form a covalent bond.
Similar to a core electron, a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon. An energy gain can trigger the electron to move (jump) to an outer shell; this is known as atomic excitation. Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted), then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied.
When forming ions, elements typically gain or lose the minimum number of electrons necessary to achieve a full octet. For example, fluorine has seven valence electrons, so it is most likely to gain one electron to form an ion with a 1- charge.
