Answer:
A. T=15.54 °C
B. Q/A= 0.119 W/m2
Explanation:
To solve this problem we need to use the Fourier's law for thermal conduction:

Here, the rate of flow per square meter must be the same through the complete wall. Therefore, we can use it to find the temperature at the plane where the wood meets the Styrofoam as follows:

Then, to find the rate of heat flow per square meter, we have:


The answer is evolution. When a specifies evolves over time they change and adapt to their environment.
Luminosity is the total amount of power a star radiate I think :)
Answer:
The fractional kinetic energy will be lost if the collision is inelastic. In inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is converted into other forms of energy.
The lost energy became heat and sound energy.
Explanation:
During inelastic collision, the kinetic energy of a moving object does not conserve. It changes into another form of energy such as sound energy and heat energy etc.
For example, when a moving car hit another car or wall etc, the kinetic energy is converted into sound and heat energy. This type of collision is inelastic collision.
The electrostatic force between the two ions is 
Explanation:
The electrostatic force between two charged particle is given by Coulomb's law:

where
is the Coulomb's constant
are the two charges
r is the separation between the two charges
In this problem, the ion of sodium has a charge of

while the ion of chlorine has a charge of

And the distance between the two ions is

Substituting, we find the electrostatic force between the two ions:

where the negative sign simply means that the force is attractive, since the two ions have opposite charge.
Learn more about electrostatic force:
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