Answer:
Solids are easily recognized by their ability to retain a fixed shape and definite volume. Particles making
up a solid are held together in a rigid form. They are not free to move about or slide past one another and
the solid does not have the ability to flow. (Although the particles of a solid do not move position to position, they do have motion in that they are constantly vibrating.
To change the temperature of a solid, heat energy must be added. The amount of heat energy that changes
the temperature of 1.0 g of a solid by 1.0°C is called its specific heat (c). Each substance has its own
specific heat. The specific heat of ice is 2.1 Joules/g°C. In other words we must supply 1.0 gram of ice
with 2.1 Joules of heat energy to raise its temperature by 1.0 °C.
The general equation for calculating heat energy to change the temperature of a solid is:
Heat = Mass x Specific Heat (solid) x Temperature Change
Q = m c DT
10 g 10 g 10 g 10 g 10 g 10 g
Calculate the heat necessary to change 10 g of ice(s) at -20 °C to 10 g of ice(s) at 0°C. (A-B)
Q = mc∆T = (10 g) (2.1 J/g°C) (20°C) = 420 J
If you continue to add heat energy once the temperature of the ice reaches 0°C , the heat absorbed is called
the heat of fusion (Lf). This heat is used to cause a change of phase (from a solid to a liquid). This heat is
increasing the potential energy of the molecules of the solid. No temperature change takes place. Each
substance has its own heat of fusion. The heat of fusion for ice is 340 Joules/g. Exactly the same amount
of heat is given up when 1.0 g of water is changed to ice. This heat is called the heat of crystallization.
The general equation for calculating heat energy to change a solid to a liquid is:
Heat = Mass x Heat of Fusion
Q = m Lf
Calculate the heat necessary to change 10 g of ice(s) at 0°C to 10 g of water(l) at 0°C.(B-C)
Explanation:
Q = mLf = (10 g)( 340 J/g) = 3400 J
is given by
the specific heat capacity
and the amount of heat supplied is 
, so if we re-arrange the previous formula we find the increase in temperature of the water: