A polar molecule is when the arrangement of the atoms in molecules are unequal where one end of the molecule has a positive charge while the other end has a negative charge. Examples of a polar molecule are water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. The opposite is called a nonpolar molecule.
Answer: protons and neutrons.
The nucleus is made up of 3 subatomic particles that are protons,neutrons and electrons.
General notation of an element is 
where, X is the Element, A is the Atomic Mass and Z is the Atomic Number
If we know the number of protons we can easily find out the atomic number of any element because Atomic Number = Number of protons in an element.
And in addition if we know the number of neutrons we can easily find out the atomic mass of an element because
Atomic Mass = (Number of protons) + (Number of neutrons)
If we get to know the atomic number and atomic mass, we can easily tell what element is it by looking from the periodic table.
I assume what you're asking about is, how does the temperature changes when we increase water's mass, according the formula for heat ?
Well the formula is :

(where Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat and

is change in temperature. So according this formula, increasing mass will increase the substance's heat, but won't effect it's temperature since they are not related. Unless, if you want to keep the substance's heat constant, in that case when you increase it's mass you will have to decrease the temperature
Answer:
Land Breeze is the answer