Thermal-energy flow between objects is conserved and always flows from the warmer object to the cooler object.
Here 'conserved' means that the amount of thermal energy lost of by one body is exactly equal to the amount of thermal energy gained by another body, which is the statement of the first law.
According to second law, we do not see objects warming up on their own. For example, if we have a cup of coffee left to itself, we would always see that it cools down. Here, thermal energy is being transferred from warmer object (coffee) to cooler objects (the air in the room).
Last month, we featured IRB best practices (“IRBs: Navigating the Maze” November 2007 Observer), and got the ball rolling with strategies and tips that psychological scientists have found to work. Here, we continue the dissemination effort with the second of three articles by researchers who share their experiences with getting their research through IRB hoops. Jerry Burger from Santa Clara University managed to do the seemingly impossible — he conducted a partial replication of the infamous Milgram experiment. Read on for valuable advice, and look for similar coverage in upcoming Observers. These are the first words I said to Muriel Pearson, producer for ABC News’ Primetime, when she approached me with the idea of replicating Stanley Milgram’s famous obedience studies. Milgram’s work was conducted in the early 1960s before the current system of professional guidelines and IRBs was in place. It is often held up as the prototypic example of why we need policies to protect the welfare of research participants. Milgram’s participants were placed in an emotionally excruciating situation in which an experimenter instructed them to continue administering electric shocks to another individual despite hearing that person’s agonizing screams of protest. The studies ignited a debate about the ethical treatment of participants. And the research became, as I often told my students, the study that can never be replicated. Hope this helps!
It would be the electromagnet because that is how it spins
Share electrons, have electrical conductivity and have thermal conductivity
